Ludwik Fleck (July 11, 1896 – July 5, 1961) (also written when Ludwig) was a Polish life scientist world health organization developed in the Thirties the notion of thought collectives that helped teach you how else scientific ideas changed across instance, similar to Thomas Kuhn's later notion of paradigm shift or Foucault's episteme.

Fleck wrote that a development of truth inside scientific research wwhen an undoable ideal as different investigator even were locked in thought collectives (or thought-styles). He felt that a development of scientific insights was non unidirectional & doesn't consist of good accumulating freshly pieces of info, however as well within overthrowing a old ones. This approach is at present called social constructionism. A Ludwig Fleck Prize is awarded annually for the better book around science and technology studies. It was created per 4S Council (Society for the Social Studies of Science) inside 1992.

Fleck was innate within L'viv Poland and grew up in the cultural autonomy of in the Austrian province of Galicia. He graduated from either a Polish Lyceum inside 1914 and he enrolled at the Jan Kazimierz University of Lvov, where he received his medical degree. Around 1920 he became an assistant of the renowned typhus fever specialist Rudolf Weigl when he was appointed to a chair inside Biology at the University of Lvov in 1921. From either 1923to 1935 he worked firstly within the Department of Internal Medicine of the General Hospital in Lvov then became Director of the Bacteriological Laboratory of the local social assurance authority. From either 1935 he worked in the private bacteriologic laboratory which he got earliest founded.

By using Nazi Germany's occupation of L'viv, Fleck was deported by owning his married woman, Ernestina Waldman, & boy Ryszard to the city's Jewish ghetto. He continued his the food & drug administration in the hospital and developed the freshly procedure where he procured vaccine from the urine of typhus patients. Fleck's act was known to the German occupiers & his personal were arrested around December 1942 and deported to the Laokoon" pharmaceutical factory to produce typhus serum. He and his family were arrested again and sent to the Auschwitz concentration camp on February 7 1943. His task was to diagnose syphilis, typhus and other illnesses using serological tests. From December 1943 until the liberation of Poland on April 11, 1945 Fleck was detained in Buchenwald concentration camp.

Between 1945 and 1952 he served as the head of the Institute of Microbiology of the School of Medicine of Maria Sklodowska-Curie University of Lublin. In 1952 he moved to Warsaw to become the Director of the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Mother and Child State Institute. In 1954 he was elected a member of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Fleck's research during these years focused on the question of the behavior of leucocytes in infectious and stress situations. Between 1946 and 1957 he published 87 medical and scientific articles in Polish, French, English and Swiss journals. In 1951 Fleck was awarded the National Prize for Scientific Achievements and in 1955 the Officer's Cross of the Order of the Renaissance of Poland.

In 1956, after a heart attack and the discovery that he was suffering from lymphosarcoma, Fleck emigrated to Israel where a position was created for him at the Israel Institute for Biological Research. He died at the age of 64 of a second heart attack.

Bibliography
The Problem of Epistemology [1936] (in R.S. Cohen and T. Schnelle (eds.), Cognition and Fact - Materials on Ludwik Fleck, Dordrecht: Reidel, 1986) Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact (foreword by Thomas Kuhn, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981)